{"id":21997,"date":"2021-01-11T15:59:43","date_gmt":"2021-01-11T10:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ensembleias.com\/blog\/?p=21997"},"modified":"2021-02-09T11:02:18","modified_gmt":"2021-02-09T05:32:18","slug":"india-china-water-dispute-on-brahmaputra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ensembleias.com\/blog\/india-china-water-dispute-on-brahmaputra\/","title":{"rendered":"India-China WATER DISPUTE on Brahmaputra"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

The construction of several dams along the\u00a0Brahmaputra river<\/strong>\u00a0(known as\u00a0Yarlung in China<\/strong>) on the Chinese side has become a repeated cause of concern for India.<\/p>\n

As\u00a0India and China<\/strong>\u00a0continue to grow demographically as well as economically amid increased consumption among its citizenry,\u00a0both nations face water constraints<\/strong>\u00a0and in a race to develop new projects in order to overcome them.<\/p>\n

About Chinese Project:<\/u><\/strong>
\n<\/u><\/h3>\n

The interest of China on this river basin for hydropower dates back to 1980s. A scientific expedition led by Chinese Academy of Sciences \u2013 an in-depth hydrological study on Tsangpo-Brahmaputra basin \u2013 established the hydroelectricity power generation capacity (114,000 MW) of the basin and identified 12 dam sites.<\/p>\n

The first gravity dam project \u2013 Zhangmu Dam \u2013 was approved for development in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) of China in 2010 and operationalized in 2015. While the construction of the dam prompted apprehensions for the lower riparian states, China maintained that the dam would not impact the downstream flow into these states since the dams were aimed at generating power and not storing water.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0state-owned<\/strong>\u00a0hydropower company\u00a0POWERCHINA<\/strong>\u00a0signed a strategic cooperation agreement with the\u00a0Tibet Autonomous Region<\/strong>\u00a0(TAR)\u00a0government<\/strong>\u00a0to implement hydropower exploitation in the downstream of the Yarlung Zangbo river as part of the new\u00a0Five Year Plan<\/strong>\u00a0(2021-2025).<\/p>\n

This will be the\u00a0first time the downstream sections of the river will be tapped.<\/strong>\u00a0However, the\u00a0location<\/strong>\u00a0of the planned project\u00a0has not been mentioned anywhere.<\/strong>The\u00a0Great Bend of the Brahmaputra<\/strong>\u00a0and the\u00a0Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon in Medog county,<\/strong>\u00a0where the river turns sharply to flow across the border into Arunachal Pradesh could be the potential spot<\/strong>\u00a0for the project.<\/p>\n

This\u00a050 km section<\/strong>\u00a0alone offers a potential of developing\u00a070 million kilowatt hours<\/strong>\u00a0(Kwh).<\/p>\n

China\u2019s Previous Projects:<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    \n
  • \n
      \n
    • In\u00a02015,<\/strong>China operationalised its\u00a0first hydropower project at\u00a0Zangmu in Tibet,<\/strong>\u00a0while three other dams at\u00a0Dagu, Jiexu and Jiacha<\/strong>\u00a0are being developed, all on the upper and middle reaches of the river.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong>Importance of the Project for China:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n
          \n
        • The\u00a060 million kWh hydropower<\/strong>\u00a0exploitation could\u00a0provide 300 billion kWh of clean, renewable and zero-carbon electricity annually.<\/strong><\/li>\n
        • The project will play a significant role in realising China\u2019s goal of reaching a\u00a0carbon emissions peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality till 2060.<\/strong><\/li>\n
        • The hydropower station could generate income of 20 billion Yuan ($3bn USD) annually for the. Tibet Autonomous Region<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Chinese Perspective:<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n

          China is home to close to 20% of the world\u2019s population<\/strong>\u00a0and has\u00a0only 7% of its water resources,<\/strong>\u00a0which also faces severe pollution caused by rapid industrialisation. China\u2019s\u00a0southern regions are water-rich in comparison to the water-stressed northern part<\/strong>\u00a0and to solve that, it\u00a0plans to link the major rivers<\/strong>\u00a0in these regions through canals, aqueducts and other linking projects to ensure water security.<\/p>\n

          For that, China has been\u00a0blocking rivers like the Mekong<\/strong>\u00a0and its tributaries,<\/strong>\u00a0affecting Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.<\/p>\n

          China, being an\u00a0upper riparian state in Asia,<\/strong>\u00a0sees these projects as a continuation of its\u00a0historic tributary system. <\/strong>The\u00a0smaller states have no means of effectively resisting<\/strong>\u00a0or even have\u00a0significant leverage<\/strong>\u00a0in negotiations. In the\u00a0Himalayas,<\/strong>\u00a0there are\u00a0multiple operational dams in the Yarlung Tsangpo basin<\/strong>\u00a0with more dams commissioned and under construction.<\/p>\n

          Chinese Strategy<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

          Concerns Raised by India:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

          India has been expressing concerns on Brahmaputra\u00a0since 2015<\/strong>\u00a0when China operationalised its\u00a0project at Zangmu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Interestingly, based on the scientific reports from then the Ministry of Water Resources (presently MoJS), any intervention on the Yarlung Tsangpo in the north aspect of the Himalaya cannot cause any substantial harm for downstream economies including India and Bangladesh, irrespective of Chinese intent, attributed largely to Zangmu project location..<\/p>\n

          However, the same cannot be stated for the present proposed project in the Medog county of TAR. This is because, the Medog county in TAR lies in the south aspect of the Himalayas, where the flow of the mainstream Yarlung is enhanced by the flow of another tributary Parlung Tsangpo<\/p>\n

          A dam at the\u00a0Great Bend,<\/strong>\u00a0if approved, would raise fresh concerns considering its\u00a0location downstream and just across the border<\/strong>\u00a0from Arunachal Pradesh.<\/p>\n

          For India,\u00a0quantity of water is not an issue<\/strong>\u00a0because these are run of the river dams and will not impact the Brahmaputra flow. More importantly, Brahmaputra is not entirely dependent on upstream flows and an estimated\u00a035% of its basin is in India. <\/strong>However, India is concerned about the\u00a0Chinese activities affecting the quality of water, ecological balance and the flood management.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Some these issues include:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Degradation of the Basin:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Massive amounts of silt carried by the river would get blocked by dams leading to a\u00a0fall in the quality of soil<\/strong>\u00a0and eventual\u00a0reduction in agricultural productivity.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Threats to Flora and Fauna:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

          Brahmaputra basin is one of the world\u2019s most ecologically sensitive zones and is identified as one of the world\u2019s 34 biological hotspots. This region has several species of flora and fauna which are endemic to only this part of the world. The Kaziranga National Park houses 35 mammalian species out of which 15 are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List. The river itself is home to the Gangetic river dolphin, which is listed as critically endangered.<\/p>\n

          Unfavourable Location:<\/strong>
          \nThe location of the dams also poses a risk as the\u00a0Himalayas<\/strong>\u00a0are one of the most vulnerable to\u00a0<\/strong>earthquakes\u00a0and seismic activity.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Landslides<\/strong>\u00a0resulting from earthquakes pose a significant threat. For example, the 2015 Nepal earthquake and the resultant landslides wiped out several dams and other facilities.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Risk to Inhabitants:<\/strong>
          \nDamming this perennial river would\u00a0result in water security in an era of unprecedented shifting climate patterns.<\/strong>The\u00a0sheer size of the infrastructure projects<\/strong>\u00a0undertaken by China and increasingly by India, poses a significant threat to the populations living downstream.Close to a million people live in the Brahmaputra basin in India and tens of millions further downstream in Bangladesh.<\/p>\n

          Strategic Implications:<\/strong>
          \nThere is the potential to\u00a0significantly change the flow rate<\/strong>\u00a0during times of standoffs and high tensions. During the\u00a02018 Doklam border standoff<\/strong>\u00a0between India and China, China stopped communication of water flow levels from its dams, effectively rendering India blind to floods during the standoff.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong>However, the dangers perceived and anticipated from Chinese may not be of that magnitude and scale.<\/p>\n

          The Chinese may not be able to affect the flow of Brahmputra in India. There are reasons for it.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. The contribution of snow and glacial melt to the flow is substantially low in the overall stretch; however, its contribution is higher in the upper reaches of the flow which are in the rain-shadow region. A large part of the Tibetan component of the basin, i.e. the longer stretch of the Yarlung, is located in the rain-shadow north aspect of the Himalaya, and is therefore a recipient of much less rainfall as compared to the south aspect. Therefore, while the average annual precipitation in the trans-Himalaya is around 300 mm, the average annual precipitation (that includes mainly rainfall) reaches about 3,000 mm in the south aspect just after crossing the crestline. The foothills are frequently fed by anomalous precipitation of a magnitude that is capable of causing great floods.<\/li>\n
          2. Though this geographical distribution of length gives an apparent impression that the maximum flow of the system occurs in the TAR of China, it is a myth! Rather, the system becomes stronger and fatter as it flows further downstream. It needs to be noted here that the Brahmaputra is identified as the flow downstream of the confluence of three tributaries, namely the Luhit, Dibang, and Dihang, near Sadiya in the Indian state of Assam.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            This is borne by many facts<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. While the peak flows at Nuxia and Tsela Dzong \u2014 measuring stations at the great bend in the Tibetan plateau \u2014 are about 5,000 and 10,000 cubic metres per second (cumecs), the peak flow at Guwahati in Assam is approximately 55,000 cumecs. The lean season flow in Nuxia is in the range of 300-500 cumecs, while the lean flow at Pasighat in India is to the tune of 2,000-plus cumecs, the one at Guwahati is around 4000-plus cumecs, and at Bahadurabad it is about 5,000 cumecs.<\/li>\n
            2. At the same time, the sediment regime also follows the same pattern, with the run-off in the rain-shadow region not being sufficient to carry the massive sediment load recorded downstream. The Brahamputra\u2019s large mainstream flows of water and sediments are contributed by many of its large tributaries including Dibang, Dihang (Siang), Luhit, Subansiri, Manas, Sankosh, Teesta, etc. While Nuxia records an annual suspended sediment load of around 30 million metric tonnes,<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              In any case, The potentially utilisable water resources or PUWR of the Brahmaputra is barely 25 per cent in terms of data from the erstwhile Ministry of Water Resources (presently MoJS). Therefore, given the precipitation, run-off and sediment flow regimes, it is unlikely that any intervention on the Yarlung Tsangpo in the north aspect of the Himalaya can cause any substantial harm for downstream economies including India and Bangladesh, irrespective of Chinese intent.<\/p>\n

              However, the same cannot be stated for the present proposed project in the Medog county of TAR. This is because, the Medog county in TAR lies in the south aspect of the Himalayas, where the flow of the mainstream Yarlung is enhanced by the flow of another tributary Parlung Tsangpo which shows an annual average precipitation of 3,000 mm, substantially higher than the 500 mm recorded at Nuxia.<\/p>\n

              Besides, the region, entailing the Great Bend at the intersection of the basins of Yigong Tsangpo, Parlung Tsangpo, and the Lower Yarlung, exhibit events like high monsoonal precipitation, strong possibilities of landslides and avalanches leading to flash floods, with the average annual frequency of such hazardous events being 10 or more.<\/p>\n

              Further even, Medog witnesses 12-15 such incidents on an average. The biggest concern of the space is its unpredictable tectonicity as is prevalent in large parts of Eastern Himalayan system. Therefore, any such event resulting in any form of dam burst or otherwise can have deleterious impacts on the immediate downstream particularly Arunachal Pradesh which will most likely experience sudden flooding. Arunachal Pradesh will also be affected if there is impounding of the flow through some storage mechanisms though the impact may not be felt further downstream after Sadiya.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              The construction of several dams along the\u00a0Brahmaputra river\u00a0(known as\u00a0Yarlung in China) on the Chinese side has become a repeated cause of concern for India. As\u00a0India and China\u00a0continue to grow demographically as well as economically amid increased consumption among its citizenry,\u00a0both nations face water constraints\u00a0and in a race to develop new projects in order to overcome […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":21998,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[351],"tags":[735,736,737],"class_list":["post-21997","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-international-relations","tag-brahmaputra","tag-india-china-relationship","tag-yarlung-river"],"yoast_head":"\nIndia-China WATER DISPUTE on Brahmaputra - Ensemble IAS Academy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The construction of several dams along the\u00a0Brahmaputra river\u00a0(known as\u00a0Yarlung in China) on the Chinese side has become a repeated cause of concern for India.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ensembleias.com\/blog\/india-china-water-dispute-on-brahmaputra\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"India-China WATER DISPUTE on Brahmaputra - 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