LANDSLIDES IN HIMALAYAS | K Siddhartha
Landslides are Sudden movement of mass of soil and weathered rock or large masses of bedrock or regolith down a steep slope.
Landslides take different forms such as
Creep – no discrete failure plains
Slump & sheet slide – Little faster than creep — Common in poorly drained areas
Debris avalanches
Earth flow & mud flow
Rock fall
landslides are caused by
Lubrication by rain – Heavy rain as it happened in 2013 Uttarakhand, and in 2023 in Himachal Pradesh. But heavy alone isn’t responsible for landslides. Absence of surface drainage, clogging of surface drainage, encroachment of the channels and & non-existence of channels are also responsible.
Fractured rock structure induces instability
Erosion & excavation to pave way for road construction, building construction makes the slopes instable causing it to cave in.
Addition of weight on the slope by construction of buildings adds to iinstability.
Earthquakes can trigger such landslides and if the slopes have been denuded through deforestation, then it instigates heavy runoff with consequent effects.
In the Himalayas, landslides have been instigated by tourist inflow who treat Himalayas the way they treat plains and want all facilities of the cities on the fragile slopes.
Prolonged or heavy rainfall is the most common cause of landslides on the Himalayas. Excessive soil moisture lowers the cohesion as well as the angle of internal friction between the soil particles and makes it loose enough to get flown from the slop.
Landslides are very common in the Himalayas especially during monsoon season. Himalayan landslides can be attributed to the fact that Himalayas lies at the convergence zone of two lithospheric plates, i.e., Indian plate in the south and Eurasian plate in the north. Thus geologically, it is considered very active as the height of the Himalayas is still increasing. It is made up of complex geology, geomorphology and geo-hydrology.
Increasing anthropogenic activities particularly construction of roads and dams has further contributed to the process of slope failure triggering landslides in the entire Himalayan region. There is, however, no doubt that introduction of road has become a prime cause of landslide occurrence in the Himalayan region.
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