MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORY (Online)
What comprises the Geography PT Syllabus
GENERAL GEOGRAPHY, WORLD GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, HUMAN & ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
Marks Covered
30-40 marks in prelims
Target group
Students who are fresh or have either done their coaching classes but have problems in whole of Geography section. This course is for such students who are short in confidence on studying Geography or having a low interest in Geography.
Aim
To help students develop immense tactical advantage by enhancing their concept, knowledge observation and application capabilities as well as imagination and simplifying their learning immensely.To help answer any question that may be asked from anywhere in any manner. To help memorise their facts easily and to improve their retentivity.
Key feature of the course
- Have a complete study material beyond which nothing is required.
- Develop command over whole of Geography.
- Developing proper understanding of the locations.
- Intra and Interdisciplinary approach.
- Developing proper understanding of questions that are in true UPSC nature.
- Relevant interrelationship of Strategic issues associated with maps.
Components
- Complete Study material and books with synopsis.
- Very high class video lessons based on graphics, animations, reality based documentaries, as well as recorded class lectures that aids imagination development.
- Easing memorization and aiding retentivity.
- Model Test Papers at the end of the session.
- A 500 question test along with Video discussion.
People behind
The programme is under the guidance of Sri K. Siddhartha, who will set the attitude, interest level and pedagogy as per the requirement of UPSC.
- Academic Head- Dr S. Mukherjee, Director ENSEMBLE
- Chief Course Coordinator -Ms. Radhika
- Chief of Technolgy – Siddharth Upadhya
Modus Operandi
- Students can log on to www.online.ensemble.net.in to get themselves registered.
- The candidate will be issued access and password.
- Once they log in, they will start getting advisories, and materials.
- Through these sessions the candidates will be guided through various concepts and ideas that form the programme.
- For online students, the candidates can upload and ask any question and form a set of question, which will be discussed face to face on Zoom/Google meet.
Open schedule
The students will have the entire course along with completion advisory for them, which they will be required to follow.
Confined and limited source
Whatever the candidates may have studied in the past, the course will minimise their efforts either by pruning what they have studied or by suggesting them what can study now. This will be by the availability of printed books/electronic books or other book/books that they will be provided.
Doubt clearing sessions
We will regularly have a doubt clearing session in the form of, ASK ANYTHING UNDER THE SUN’ with a live discussion session with the candidates once in a fortnight on predefined topics and chapter.
What will be the impact of the course
By doing this course you will finish the section of Geography in comprehensive and holistic manner and have lot of test practice. There will be 500 questions that will be provided for practice.
Assumptions
- The students must come to the online, prepared with the topic.
- The students must keep pace with the class as every subsequent topic is based on the previous topic.
- There will be four types class and video sessions-One concept based, second Only orientation based with discussion of possible question based on the chapter and the study material, third only chapters with possible linkages to ease the concept.
What the students will get?
- Geography Through Maps (World Geography), Geography Through Maps (Indian Geography), Basic Geography, Social And Economic Development, in electronic / printed form.
- 500 question test (comprising 20 revision tests and 4 final tests).
- An Interactive online problem solution session by forming their identical problems groups on the web if desired by the students.
Additional material that the students can go for
Absolutely not needed.
Learning Sequencing and chapter structure
The course sequencing is not per the syllabus. This is done to provide concept to the candidates. If the candidates follow the one topic after another as per the syllabus they will never follow the concept. Hence the sequencing and reordering has been done to ease the students benefit.
How best to utilise it
- First read the topic.
- Listen to the explanation.
- Now use the synopsis to revise it.
- Practice answering Objective type questions from the MCQ tab.
- ENSEMBLE will keep you updating on current affairs regularly on this topic, as and when required.
- Keep an eye on updates.
Online Learning sequence
1.Geography Through maps (World)
| NO | CONTINENT | SECTION | CHAPTER AND STUDY MATERIAL | SYNOPSIS/
FACTFILE |
VIDEO EXPLANATION & MULTIMEDIA | MCQ’S | CURRENT AFFAIRS & ENRICHMENT |
| Australia | Coastal Australia | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Documentary type International level videos with a story line explanation | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Mainland Australia | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Documentary type International level videos with a story line explanation | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| Africa | Coastal Africa | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Documentary type International level videos with a story line explanation | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Mainland Africa | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Documentary type International level videos with a story line explanation | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| South America | Coastal South America
|
Geography Through maps | ✔ | Documentary type International level videos with a story line explanation | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Mainland South America
|
Geography Through maps | ✔ | Documentary type International level videos with a story line explanation | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| North America | Coastal North America | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Exam oriented Illustrated Video Recorded descriptions | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Mainland North America | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Exam oriented Illustrated Video Recorded descriptions | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| Europe | Coastal Europe | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Exam oriented Illustrated Video Recorded descriptions | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Mainland Europe | Geography Through maps | Exam oriented Illustrated Video Recorded descriptions | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |||
| Asia | SW Asia | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Exam oriented Illustrated Video Recorded descriptions | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| SE Asia | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Exam oriented Illustrated Video Recorded descriptions | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| E Asia | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Exam oriented Illustrated Video Recorded descriptions | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs |
Physical geography
GEOMORPHOLOGY
| NO | CHAPTER | CHAPTER AND STUDY MATERIAL | SYNOPSIS/
FACTFILE |
VIDEO EXPLANATION & MULTIMEDIA | MCQ’S | CURRENT AFFAIRS & ENRICHMENT |
| The History of the Earth | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Documentary type International level videos with a story line explanation | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| The Materials that form the Earth | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Rocks | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| The Interior of the Earth | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Lithosphere and Crust | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Earth Movements | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Continental Drift | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Plate Tectonics | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Volcanism | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Earthquakes | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Tsunami | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Exogenous forces: Denudation | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Surface Water and Processes | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Lake Basins | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Ground Water | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Karst Landforms | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Arid Topography | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Glacial landforms | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Marine/Coastal Landforms | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed |
CLIMATOLOGY
| Composition of the Atmosphere | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Structure of Atmosphere | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Insolation | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Temperature | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Atmospheric Pressure | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Atmospheric Circulation | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Humidity | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Atmospheric Stability and Instability | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Precipitation | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Air Masses | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Secondary Circulation Cyclones | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Secondary Circulation: Anticyclones | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Tertiary Circulation: Local Wind | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Tertiary Circulation: Urban Climates | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| World Climatic Type | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Documentary type International level videos with a story line explanation | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Climatic Changes | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs |
OCEANOGRAPHY
| Relief of the Ocean Floor | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Nature of Seawater | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Ocean Circulations | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| El Nino & Southern Oscillation (ENSO) | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Ocean Waves | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Tides | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Ocean Deposits | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Coral Reefs and Islands | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Sea Level Change | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis… | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Law of Sea | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed |
HUMAN &ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
| Demographic Concepts | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Population Distribution | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Not Applicable NA, Not Needed | |
| Migration | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Population issues | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Economic Activities | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Resources and their Issues | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Formation and Extraction of Minerals | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Agriculture: Types of Issues | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Recent Industrial Issues | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Transport Concepts and hubs | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | |
| Regional Development Issues | Geography For Preliminary Examination Volume-1 | ✔ | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis.. | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs |
Geography Through maps (INDIA)
| NO | CONTINENT | SECTION | CHAPTER AND STUDY MATERIAL | SYNOPSIS/
FACTFILE |
TYPE OF VIDEO, LECTURES, EXPLANATION AND ITS MODE | MCQ’S | CURRENT AFFAIRS & ENRICHMENT |
| 1 | PHYSIOGRAPHY | PHYSIOGRAPHY PENINSULA, CENTRAL HGHLANDS | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed |
| PHYSIOGRAPHY PENINSULA, EASTERN HIGHLANDS | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed | ||
| PHYSIOGRAPHY PENINSULA, DECCAN PLATEAU | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed | ||
| PHYSIOGRAPHY PENINSULA WESTERN GHATS | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed | ||
| PHYSIOGRAPHY PENINSULA, EASTERN GHATS | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed | ||
| PHYSIOGRAPHY PENINSULA COASTAL PLAIN | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed | ||
| PHYSIOGRAPHY ISLANDS | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| PHYSIOGRAPHY HIMALAYAS | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| HIMALAYAS, PASSES & GLACIERS | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| MARUSTHALI | Geography Through maps | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed | |||
| 2 | GEOLOGY | GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF INDIA & STRUCTURE | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed |
| 3 | INDIA-DRAINAGE | RIVERS | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed |
| WATER BODIES | Geography Through maps | ✔ | Examination oriented Video recorded Lectures interlaced with graphics, illustrations, videos and flow charts | ✔ | Not needed | ||
| 4 | CLIMATE | Geography Through maps | Classroom description | Not needed | |||
| 5 | VEGETATION | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Not needed | |||
| 6 | SOILS | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Not needed | |||
| 7. | RESOURCE BASE | WATER | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| MINERAL | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||||
| ENERGY | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||||
| BIOTIC | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||||
| 8. | AGRICULTURE | INFRASTRUCTURE | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| CROPS, CROPPING PATTERN AND AGRICULTURAL REGIONS | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||||
| REVOLUTIONS IN AGRICLTURE | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||||
| TYPES OF AGRICULTURE | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||||
| 9. | INDUSTRY | AGRO BASED INDUSTRY | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| MINERAL BASED INDUSTRY | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||||
| FOREST BASED INDUSTRY | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||||
| CHEMICAL BASED INDUSTRY | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||||
| 10. | TRANSPORT | RAIL, ROADWAY, AIRWAY, SHIPPING, PIPELINE AND PORTS | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs | ||
| 11. | SETTLEMENT | RURAL SETTLEMENT | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | |||
| 12. | URBAN DEVELOPMMENT | Geography Through maps | Compact Powerpoint description and analysis with trend analysis | Will keep on bringing new updates with new developments in Current Affairs |
INDEX – TBU = To be updated, NA, not Applicable,
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are composed of rock fragments, weathering products, organic material, or precipitates; and most are deposited in beds or layers. They compose only about 8 per cent of the Earth’s crust, although they cover about 75 per cent of the surface.
- Lithification is the transformation of sediment into a rock.
- Bedding of sedimentary rocks records the layers in order of deposition, with the oldest at the bottom.
- Graded bedding is formed by larger fragments settling faster than smaller fragments; bottom is indicated by the larger fragments.
- Cross bedding, another current feature, also shows top and bottom.
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic rocks are composed of fragments or minerals broken from any type of pre-existing rock; Clastic rocks are generally sub-divided by fragment size, not by composition, except for some sandstone types.
- Conglomerate—fragments over 2 mm; may be subdivided into roundstone or sharpstone conglomerates (breccia) if fragments rounded or angular, respectively.
- Sandstone—fragments between 1/16 and 2 mm. Some compositional types are quartzose sandstone (mainly quartz), arkosic sandstone or arkose (over 20 per cent feldspar), and graywacke (poorly sorted clay or chloritic matrix).
Non-clastic rocks are formed by chemical or biologic precipitation and by accumulation of organic material.
- Limestone is composed of calcite, in some cases from chemical precipitation but usually of biologic origin. If composed mainly of fossils, it is called coquina.
- Chalk is soft, white limestone, formed by accumulation of the calcium carbonate shells of microscopic animals.
- Dolomite is formed by replacement of calcite with dolomite.
- Chert is fine-grained silica; some precipitated directly from seawater, most from accumulation of silica shells of organisms.
- An evaporite is a deposit formed by evaporation of seawater. The precipitation sequence is calcite, dolomite, gypsum, rock salt, and lastly potassium and magnesium salts. Gypsum and rock salt (halite) are the main rocks formed this way.
- Diatomite is soft, white rock, composed of silica remains of microscopic plants.
- Coal is formed by accumulation of plant material.
Porosity is a measure of the amount of void space in sediment; permeability is a measure of the inter-connections of the void spaces.
Shale, limestone, and sandstone make up over 99 per cent of all sedimentary rocks. Shale is most abundant because of the abundance of feldspars.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism involves changes in mineral assemblage and rock texture occurring in the solid state as a result of changes in temperature and pressure.
Mineral assemblages and rock textures change continually as temperature and pressure change.
Mechanical deformation, recrystallisation and chemical reactions are the processes that affect rock during metamorphism.
The presence of intergranular fluid greatly speeds up metamorphic reaction.
Heat, given off by bodies of intrusive igneous rock, causes contact metamorphism and creates contact metamorphic aureoles.
- Thermal or contact metamorphic rocks, called hornfels, generally are found at margins of intrusive igneous bodies.
- Regional metamorphic rocks occupy large areas and reveal much uplift and erosion after their formation. They are usually foliated (the new minerals have preferred orientation because of recrystallisation under stress). The most common are gneiss and schist.
- Cataclastic metamorphic rocks result from breaking and grinding without much recrystallisation.
Textural groups are
(1) Foliated—directional or layered aspect, and
(2) Non-foliated-homogeneous or Massive.
Post Script- General Directions after Course
- After having gone through the entire section, the candidates are advised to go through the entire of the summary part in order to revise the topics
- Also start observing the diagrams and illustrations.
- The emphasis has to be more on correlationship rather than on memorization of some facts.
- Questions have to be attempted only after having understood the topics and having acquired the ability to answer the questions.
- Go through the entire MCQ and answer the questions.
- Repeat this process more than once.
- Look for the updates notification from Ensemble
- Practice as many questions, identify your problems
- Connect yourself with our portal Face-to-Face rendezvous with the Chief Mentor.
