Drainage

Climate

Soil 

Vegetation

1. What are the basic characteristics of Shield and cratons. Why is that they are significant for a country’s geography
2. Geology has strongly influenced the mineral resource base of India or World. Explain with examples.
3. What are the different methods of measuring the heights of mountains and peaks? What are the recent advances made in measuring such heights and elevation.
4. The physiography and location of Russia is a major factor that has insulated it as well as protected it. To what extent is this statement correct?
5. Europe and Asia both of them are getting themselves linked along the Strait of Bosporus. What are its implications and difficulties in implementation?
6. The orientation of mountain ranges of Western Europe has been a major factor in influencing the climate of Western Europe. Explain.
7. Discuss how physiography of N. America helped population distribution and migration.
8. Discuss the reason for trench formation on the western side of South America? How is this trench so unique in its physiography and location?
9. Discuss the origin of East African Rift Valley? Explain the characteristics of EARV and its uniqueness.
10. What is Cosgrove Volcanic Chain and why has it been in news? Discuss its origin and evolution.
11. Climate has a strong bearing upon the economic activities of a people in SE Asia.
12. Discuss in brief the characteristics of Tibetan Drainage. What are its implications for Central, South and South East Asia.
13. South America is the greatest reservoir of water in the world. Discuss the reasons which are responsible for it and and how does it happen?
14. Discuss the origin of the Great Lakes of North America. Explain how has it impacted the region from climatic and economic viewpoint.
15. Discuss in brief the factors that affect the climate of Europe and make it so distinctive.
16. Despite all equatorial regions receiving high rainfall, they all differ in the amount. Discuss these differences and the reasons for such differences.
17. What is an ENSO event? How and why is it considered so significant for World Climate?
18. Despite the fact that some soils can be fertile but their fertility is because of different factors. Explain.
19. Give a brief account of black soil distribution and the causes of its high productivity.
20. Discuss the characteristics of the vegetation zones in Africa and its characteristics.

Mineral 

Energy 

Biotic

Marine resources 

1. Briefly describe the mineralized zones of the world and associated mineral formation with particular reference to petroleum resources of Middle East.
2. Why did the energy crisis emerge in 1971-72. Is there any energy crisis now, if yes, what is the present form of energy crisis.
3. Discuss the western and Indian form of management of water resources.
4. Give an account of technological inputs in water resource management that will lead to a decentralized water management?
5. Suggest ways to conserve water, and protect it.
6. What has been the impact of dams on displaced people? What can be a sustainable means of negating their impacts?
7. The financial and economic performance of the dams leaves a lot to be desired. Discuss some remedial measures in the light of these performances.
8. Discuss various contemporary artificial structures for ground water recharge and their relative advantages for India.
9. What does glacial harvesting mean? What are the mechanisms and means of glacial harvesting and problems of implementation.
10. The problems of fisheries are different in temperate regions and different in tropical regions. Explain with examples.
11. The Cultural significance of forests is to be very well understood in order to manage the forest areas of India.
12. Lumbering in tropical forests is distinctly different from temperate countries. Explain these differences with examples.
13. Analyze China’s position in the world from the viewpoint of REE production and the impact of various REE on the world economy.
14. Analyze the role of shale gas in transforming the world economy. How is India placed in this regard?
15. The oil resources of Persian Gulf are in for a major change and impact. Analyze it in light of recent geopolitical developments.
16. The Three Gorges dam is the most extraordinary hydel project in the world having wide ramifications for the Chinese economy. Explain in terms of advantages and disadvantages.
17. Nuclear power provides as much advantages as is loaded with limitations. Do you agree?
18. Petroleum resources have been found only in those regions that have been under sea. Explain the reasons for petroleum formation in SW Asia.
19. The key to energy balance is energy congruence. Explain.
20. Marine resources are the last frontier of mankind. Discuss

Secondary sectors

Tertiary sectors

1. Give a brief account of changes in the world agricultural types in the new world. 
2. Examine the spatial patterns of agricultural disparity prevailing in the world and its underlying causes?
3. Agricultural growth planning has a component of environmental cost. Discuss.
4. Explain the causes for the essential difference between intensive subsistence tillage with rice dominant and without rice in the crop association. 
5. Write down main agricultural types of tropical regions and their associated features 
6. Explain the relevance of bottom-up and top-down approaches in the development of agrarian economy. (2014)
7. Food from the sea is the last frontier of mankind. Explain.
8. Critically examine the reasons for the world Food problem. Suggest measures for a sustainable solution to the world food problem.
9. Discuss the concept of food security. Give an account of food security issues in developing countries.
10. Man-induced famines are becoming more common than nature-induced ones.” Explain
11. Discuss the factors of location of iron and steel industries in USA with special reference to the shifts in their location after the World War II. 
12. What is the locational significance of New York in American economy? 
13. Why did industrial relocation take place? Give an account of shift in industrial locations in Asia.
14. Give an account of the Problem faced by industries, which developed due to inertia with special reference to India.
15. Explain the concept of aviation hubs, and examine their contribution to national economy.
16. Discuss the location of Dubai as an international aviation hub. What factors have contributed to making as an International Aviation hub.
17. Why is the Russian Government so interested in developing the Baikal Amur Mainline (BAM). What will be the role of BAM in transforming Russian regional economy.
18. What are major categories of passenger jet planes. What is the logic of emerging trends in providing ultra long haul aircrafts 
19. What are the various types of operations of the air freight market and their role.
20. Low Cost Carriers are distinguished by several common features. What are these features and how have they transformed air travel.

Asteroidal Impact

Magnetic Reversals

Mass Extinctions

Aurora

Earthquakes,

Tsunami, 

Volcanic activity

Landslide

Cyclone

Thunderstorm and Lightning

Tornado

Blizzards

1. What is an impact event and what its geological significance?
2. An asteroidal impact is not only disastrous event, it is also one beneficial event. Explain
3. The poles are shifting. From somewhere in Alaska, the geomagnetic poles have shifted to Siberia. What are the causes and the likely impact of such shifts and more importantly its reversal.  Explain.
4. Give a brief account of the mechanism of Auroral display in the Polar areas.
5. Discuss the causes of earthquakes in India, and why is that the earthquakes are confined to certain regions. Explain its causes and consequences for India. 
6. The most important volcanic zones coincide with areas of plate convergence. Why does it happen and how does it determine the nature of volcanic activity. Discuss
7. Despite India lying in the convergence zone of Plates, volcanic activity does not affect India. Elaborate.
8. India has recently experienced volcanic activity in Andaman & Nicobar islands. In the event of such volcanic activity how can such events be managed from the point of prediction, mitigation and monitoring?
9. The tsunami-affected areas not only are earthquake-affected areas, but also other areas. Explain
10. Discuss in detail the environmental impacts of tsunamis.
11. Why are tropical cyclones frequent in tropical areas. Give a causal account of the event.
12. Detail the classification and nomenclature of tropical cyclones and the rationality involved in that.
13. Discuss effect and the management of tropical cyclones in the developed and devloping countries.
14. Give the mechanism of lighting formation and its control.
15. Why do blizzard form. The impact of blizzards is very elaborate. What are they and how do they affect.
16. What are the measures one can take if trapped in a blizzard.
17. Tornadoes are not common in India, but they have frequented some regions of India in recent times. Discuss the features of tornadoes and its impact.
18. How do hailstorms forms? Give resoned account of the formation of hailstorms, which are more specific to particular areas of the country.
19. Give an account of the nature, causes and effect of cloudbursts. How can cloudbursts be forecasted?
20. Discuss the various events of mass extinction. Throw light on the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction.

Water Bodies: Lakes and rivers

Floral changes 

Faunal changes 

1. What are ecosystems and how are they classified?
2. Bring out the difference between Ecosystems and Biomes, and explain the salient features of different ecosystems.
3. The different geographical features have determined everything that the modern civilization is about. Explain it in relation to India.
4. Explain how waterfalls can form? Bring out their impact on local geography and ecology.
5. What are the most distinctive features of the plain or the middle and lower course of the river and how are so they significant for rural economy.
6. Explain the mechanism of formation of delta and its type.
7. The various Karst depositional features are not only a natural marvel but also significant indicators of surface runoff and ecology.
8. Explain the role of wind patterns and obstructions in Aeolian depositional landforms and their features.
9. The U shaped valleys of Glaciated regions have shaped the culture and lifestyle in many temperate countries, other than exhibiting different distinctive features.
10. Explain the formation of different types of beaches in India along with their location and distinctive features and their regional impacts.
11. Explain the mechanism of formation of Himalayan lakes and their ecological and geostrategic significance
12. Explain why wetlands are important with special reference to their ecological role.
13. Classify Indian islands and the mode of their formation. Explain the planning specific to any type of island required for their development 
14. Compactness of settlements in India reflects not only water availability or unavailability but also a social setting that is very reflective. Explain.
15. Explain the reasons for the decline of the city center in India, and what alternative changes in the urban form it has led to.
16. Explain the features of slum in industrial and commercial zones and suggest planning measures to mitigate their effect.
17. Sprawls are reflective of the economic and technological changes that the Indian cities are undergoing. Explain
18. Green Belts do not always play a positive role for cities. Explain its limitations.
19. Discuss the role that satellite towns have played in city planning in India.
20. Discuss the nature of megalopolis and show how the future of India’s urban scene will be different with their emergence.